Advanced expertise
High quality results are often generated by professionals with advanced expertise in their field. Achieving this expertise is likely to be the result of sound knowledge acquired through hard work by talented individuals with additional specific personality traits (attention to detail, a sense of refinement/sophistication, resilience, pro-activity, open-mindedness, curiosity, creativity, etc.). Many improvements made by human beings have been done so by top achievers, be it individually or alongside others. For a long time, medicine has advanced following a similar model, whereby highly observant doctors have made decisions based mainly on their experience (“Eminence-Based” Medicine). While this has led to significant breakthroughs in healthcare, there have been considerable costs.